S32205 Duplex 2205 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zopangidwa ndi mankhwala

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Zofotokozera - Duplex 2205

• ASTM: A790, A815, A182
• ASME: SA790, SA815, SA182

Mapangidwe a Chemical - Duplex 2205

Mapulogalamu Okhazikika - Duplex 2205

Zina mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi duplex steel grade 2205 zalembedwa pansipa:

• Zotenthetsera, machubu ndi mapaipi opangira ndi kusamalira gasi ndi mafuta
• Zosinthanitsa kutentha ndi mapaipi muzomera zochotsa mchere
• Zotengera zokakamiza, mapaipi, akasinja ndi zotenthetsera zotenthetsera pokonza ndi kunyamula mankhwala osiyanasiyana
• Zotengera zoponderezana, akasinja ndi mapaipi omwe ali m'mafakitale opangira ma chloride
• Ma rotor, mafani, ma shafts ndi ma rolls osindikizira komwe mphamvu yakutukuka kwambiri ingagwiritsidwe ntchito
• Matanki onyamula katundu, mapaipi ndi zowotcherera zama tanka amankhwala

Zakuthupi

Zomwe zimapangidwira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 2205 zalembedwa pansipa.

Makina otenthetsera kunyumba ndi kuziziritsa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida za capillary.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma capillaries ozungulira kumathetsa kufunikira kwa zida zopepuka za firiji mu dongosolo.Kuthamanga kwa capillary kumadalira kwambiri magawo a capillary geometry, monga kutalika, m'mimba mwake ndi mtunda pakati pawo.Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zotsatira za kutalika kwa capillary pa ntchito ya dongosolo.Ma capillaries atatu aatali osiyanasiyana adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera.Deta ya R152a idawunikidwa pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kuti awone momwe kutalika kwake kumayendera.Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumatheka pa kutentha kwa evaporator kwa -12 ° C ndi capillary kutalika kwa 3.65 m.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito amawonjezeka ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwa capillary mpaka 3.65 m poyerekeza ndi 3.35 m ndi 3.96 m.Choncho, pamene kutalika kwa capillary kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwake, ntchito ya dongosolo imawonjezeka.Zotsatira zoyesera zinafaniziridwa ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwa computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Firiji ndi chida cha firiji chomwe chimaphatikizapo chipinda chotsekedwa, ndipo firiji ndi dongosolo lomwe limapangitsa kuti muzizizira mu chipinda chotsekedwa.Kuziziritsa kumatanthauzidwa ngati njira yochotsera kutentha pamalo amodzi kapena chinthu ndikusamutsira kutentha kumalo ena kapena chinthu china.Mafiriji tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kusungira chakudya chomwe chimawonongeka pa kutentha kozungulira, kuwonongeka kwa mabakiteriya ndi njira zina ndizochepa kwambiri m'mafiriji otentha.Mafiriji ndi madzi ogwirira ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoyatsira kutentha kapena zozizira mufiriji.Mafiriji amasonkhanitsa kutentha mwa kusanduka nthunzi pa kutentha kochepa ndi kupanikizika kenaka amaunjikana pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupanikizika, kutulutsa kutentha.Chipindacho chikuwoneka kuti chikuzizira kwambiri chifukwa kutentha kumatuluka mufiriji.Kuzizira kumachitika mu dongosolo lopangidwa ndi kompresa, condenser, machubu a capillary ndi evaporator.Mafiriji ndi zida zamafiriji zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli.Mafiriji amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chipangizochi chakhala chofunikira panyumba.Mafiriji amakono amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, koma kafukufuku wokonza dongosololi akupitilirabe.Choyipa chachikulu cha R134a ndikuti sichidziwika kuti ndi chapoizoni koma chili ndi Mphamvu Yotentha Kwambiri Padziko Lonse (GWP).R134a ya mafiriji apanyumba yaphatikizidwa mu Kyoto Protocol ya United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change1,2.Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito R134a kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri3.Kuchokera pamalingaliro achilengedwe, azachuma komanso azaumoyo, ndikofunikira kupeza mafiriji otsika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi4.Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira kuti R152a ndi firiji yosamalira zachilengedwe.Mohanraj et al.5 adafufuza momwe angagwiritsire ntchito R152a ndi mafiriji a hydrocarbon m'mafiriji apanyumba.Ma hydrocarbons apezeka kuti sagwira ntchito ngati mafiriji odziyimira okha.R152a ndiyopanda mphamvu komanso yosunga chilengedwe kuposa mafiriji otuluka.Bolaji ndi ena6.Kuchita kwa mafiriji atatu a HFC ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe anayerekezedwa mufiriji yopondereza nthunzi.Iwo adatsimikiza kuti R152a ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina ophatikizira mpweya ndipo ingalowe m'malo mwa R134a.R32 ili ndi zovuta zake monga kukwera kwamagetsi komanso kutsika kwa magwiridwe antchito (COP).Bolaji et al.7 adayezetsa R152a ndi R32 ngati m'malo mwa R134a m'mafiriji apanyumba.Malinga ndi kafukufuku, avareji ya R152a ndi 4.7% kuposa ya R134a.Cabello et al.anayesedwa R152a ndi R134a mu firiji zipangizo ndi hermetic compressor.8. Bolaji et al9 anayezetsa R152a refrigerant m'makina a firiji.Iwo adatsimikiza kuti R152a inali yothandiza kwambiri mphamvu, yokhala ndi mphamvu yoziziritsa yochepera 10.6% pa tani kuposa R134a yapitayi.R152a imawonetsa kuziziritsa kwakukulu kwa volumetric komanso kuchita bwino.Chavkhan et al.10 adasanthula mawonekedwe a R134a ndi R152a.Pakafukufuku wa mafiriji awiri, R152a idapezeka kuti ndiyopatsa mphamvu kwambiri.R152a ndi 3.769% yogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa R134a ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati m'malo mwachindunji.Bolaji et al.11 afufuza mafiriji osiyanasiyana a GWP otsika monga olowa m'malo a R134a mufiriji chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa dziko.Pakati pa mafiriji omwe amawunikidwa, R152a imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi pa tani imodzi ya firiji ndi 30.5% poyerekeza ndi R134a.Malinga ndi olembawo, R161 iyenera kukonzedwanso kwathunthu isanagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati m'malo.Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zoyesera zachitidwa ndi ofufuza ambiri a firiji apanyumba kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a ma firiji otsika a GWP ndi R134a monga cholowa m'malo mwa firiji12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Baskaran et al.24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 adaphunzira momwe mafiriji angapo ochezeka ndi chilengedwe komanso kuphatikiza kwawo ndi R134a ngati njira ina yochitira. mayeso osiyanasiyana opopera mpweya.Dongosolo.Tiwari et al.36 ntchito zatsopano ndi kusanthula CFD kuyerekeza ntchito machubu capillary ndi refrigerants osiyana ndi diameters chubu.Gwiritsani ntchito pulogalamu ya ANSYS CFX kuti muwunike.Mapangidwe abwino kwambiri a koyilo yozungulira amalimbikitsidwa.Punia et al.16 adafufuza za kutalika kwa capillary, m'mimba mwake ndi m'mimba mwake mwa koyilo pakuyenda kwakukulu kwa LPG refrigerant kudzera pa koyilo yozungulira.Malinga ndi zotsatira za phunziroli, kusintha kutalika kwa capillary kuchokera ku 4.5 mpaka 2.5 mamita kumalola kuonjezera kutuluka kwa misa ndi pafupifupi 25%.Söylemez et al.16 anachita kafukufuku wa CFD wa chipinda cha refrigerator freshness (DR) pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya chipwirikiti (viscous) kuti azindikire kuthamanga kwa kuzizira kwa chipinda chotsitsimula komanso kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chipinda panthawi yotsegula.Zoneneratu za mtundu wopangidwa wa CFD zikuwonetseratu momwe mpweya umayendera ndi kutentha mkati mwa FFC.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku woyendetsa ndege kuti adziwe momwe mafiriji a m'nyumba amagwiritsira ntchito R152a refrigerant, yomwe ndi yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe ndipo ilibe chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa ozone (ODP).
Mu kafukufukuyu, ma capillaries a 3.35 m, 3.65 m ndi 3.96 m adasankhidwa ngati malo oyesera.Kuyesera kunachitika ndi kutentha kwapadziko lonse kwa R152a firiji ndipo magawo ogwiritsira ntchito adawerengedwa.Makhalidwe a refrigerant mu capillary adawunikidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya CFD.Zotsatira za CFD zinafaniziridwa ndi zotsatira zoyesera.
Monga momwe chithunzi 1 chikusonyezera, mukhoza kuona chithunzi cha firiji ya malita 185 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira.Zimapangidwa ndi evaporator, kompresa ya hermetic reciprocating ndi condenser yoziziritsidwa ndi mpweya.Mageji anayi othamanga amayikidwa pa cholowera cha kompresa, cholowera cha condenser ndi potulutsa evaporator.Pofuna kupewa kugwedezeka panthawi yoyesa, mita iyi imayikidwa pagulu.Kuti muwerenge kutentha kwa thermocouple, mawaya onse a thermocouple amalumikizidwa ku scanner ya thermocouple.Zida khumi zoyezera kutentha zimayikidwa pamalo olowera evaporator, kuyamwa kwa kompresa, kutulutsa kompresa, chipinda cha firiji ndi cholowera, cholowera cholowera, chipinda chofiyira ndi potuluka.Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa zimanenedwanso.Flowmeter yolumikizidwa ku gawo la chitoliro imayikidwa pa bolodi lamatabwa.Zojambulira zimasungidwa masekondi 10 aliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la Human Machine Interface (HMI).Galasi loyang'ana likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muwone kufanana kwa kayendedwe ka condensate.
Selec MFM384 ammeter yokhala ndi voliyumu yolowera ya 100-500 V idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera mphamvu ndi mphamvu.Doko lautumiki wamakina limayikidwa pamwamba pa kompresa kuti azilipiritsa ndi recharging refrigerant.Chinthu choyamba ndi kukhetsa chinyezi kuchokera mudongosolo kudzera pa doko lautumiki.Kuti muchotse kuipitsidwa kulikonse m'dongosolo, yambani ndi nayitrogeni.Dongosololi limayimbidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pampu ya vacuum, yomwe imachotsa gawolo kupsinjika kwa -30 mmHg.Table 1 imatchula makhalidwe a zitsulo zoyesera za firiji zapakhomo, ndipo Table 2 imatchula miyeso yoyezera, komanso kuchuluka kwake ndi kulondola.
Makhalidwe a mafiriji omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji apanyumba ndi mafiriji akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 3.
Kuyezetsa kunachitika motsatira malingaliro a ASHRAE Handbook 2010 pamikhalidwe iyi:
Kuphatikiza apo, pokhapokha, macheke adapangidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti zotsatira zake zapangidwanso.Malingana ngati ntchito zogwirira ntchito zimakhala zokhazikika, kutentha, kupanikizika, kutuluka kwa refrigerant ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumalembedwa.Kutentha, kuthamanga, mphamvu, mphamvu ndi kutuluka kwake zimayesedwa kuti zizindikire momwe dongosolo limagwirira ntchito.Pezani kuziziritsa ndi mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka misa ndi mphamvu pa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa.
Pogwiritsa ntchito CFD kusanthula magawo awiri otaya mu firiji yozungulira koyilo yozungulira, zotsatira za capillary kutalika zitha kuwerengedwa mosavuta.Kusanthula kwa CFD kumapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kutsata kayendedwe ka tinthu tamadzimadzi.Firiji yodutsa mkati mwa koyilo yozungulira idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya CFD FLUENT.Gulu 4 likuwonetsa kukula kwa ma capillary coils.
FLUENT software mesh simulator ipanga mtundu wamapangidwe ndi mauna (Zithunzi 2, 3 ndi 4 zikuwonetsa mtundu wa ANSYS Fluent).Kuchuluka kwa madzi a chitoliro kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malire.Iyi ndiye gridi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kafukufukuyu.
Mtundu wa CFD unapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsanja ya ANSYS FLUENT.Chilengedwe choyenda chamadzimadzi chokha chimayimiridwa, kotero kuti kutuluka kwa serpentine iliyonse ya capillary kumayesedwa molingana ndi kukula kwa capillary.
Mtundu wa GEOMETRY udatumizidwa ku pulogalamu ya ANSYS MESH.ANSYS imalemba kachidindo komwe ANSYS ndi kuphatikiza kwamitundu ndikuwonjezera malire.Pa mkuyu.4 ikuwonetsa chitoliro-3 (3962.4 mm) mu ANSYS FLUENT.Zinthu za Tetrahedral zimapereka kufanana kwakukulu, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5. Pambuyo popanga mauna akuluakulu, fayilo imasungidwa ngati mesh.Mbali ya koyiloyo imatchedwa cholowera, pomwe mbali inayo imayang'ana potulukira.Nkhope zozungulira izi zimasungidwa ngati makoma a chitoliro.Zida zamadzimadzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zitsanzo.
Mosasamala kanthu za momwe wogwiritsa ntchito amamvera kukakamizidwa, yankho linasankhidwa ndipo njira ya 3D inasankhidwa.Njira yopangira mphamvu yayatsidwa.
Pamene kutuluka kumaonedwa kuti ndi chipwirikiti, kumakhala kopanda mzere.Chifukwa chake, kuyenda kwa K-epsilon kunasankhidwa.
Ngati njira ina yosankhidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito yasankhidwa, chilengedwe chidzakhala: Kufotokozera za thermodynamic properties za R152a refrigerant.Mawonekedwe a fomu amasungidwa ngati zinthu za database.
Nyengo sizisintha.Kuthamanga kwa malowa kunatsimikiziridwa, kupanikizika kwa 12.5 bar ndi kutentha kwa 45 ° C kunafotokozedwa.
Potsirizira pake, pa kubwereza kwa khumi ndi zisanu, yankho limayesedwa ndikugwirizanitsa pa khumi ndi zisanu, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 7.
Ndi njira yopangira mapu ndi kusanthula zotsatira.Kuthamanga kwa mapu ndi kutentha kwa data loops pogwiritsa ntchito Monitor.Pambuyo pake, kupanikizika kwathunthu ndi kutentha ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumatsimikiziridwa.Deta iyi ikuwonetsa kutsika kwamphamvu kwapang'onopang'ono pamakoyilo (1, 2 ndi 3) muzithunzi 1 ndi 2. 7, 8 ndi 9 motsatana.Zotsatirazi zidatengedwa kuchokera ku pulogalamu yothawa.
Pa mkuyu.10 ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito akutali kosiyanasiyana kwa evaporation ndi capillary.Monga tikuonera, mphamvu imawonjezeka ndi kutentha kwa evaporation.Zothandiza kwambiri komanso zotsika kwambiri zidapezeka pofika ma capillary spans a 3.65 m ndi 3.96 m.Ngati kutalika kwa capillary kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwake, mphamvuyo idzachepa.
Kusintha kwa mphamvu yozizirira chifukwa cha milingo yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha kwa mpweya ndi kutalika kwa capillary kukuwonetsedwa mkuyu.11. Mphamvu ya capillary imayambitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu yozizirira.Kuzizira kocheperako kumatheka pa kuwira kwa -16 ° C.Kuzizira kwakukulu kumawonedwa mu capillaries ndi kutalika pafupifupi 3.65 m ndi kutentha kwa -12 ° C.
Pa mkuyu.12 ikuwonetsa kudalira mphamvu ya kompresa kutalika kwa capillary ndi kutentha kwa evaporation.Kuphatikiza apo, graph ikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu imachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa capillary ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwa evaporation.Pa kutentha kwa mpweya wa -16 ° C, mphamvu yotsika ya kompresa imapezeka ndi capillary kutalika kwa 3.96 m.
Zoyeserera zomwe zilipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira zotsatira za CFD.Pakuyesa uku, zolowera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera zoyeserera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera ndi CFD.Zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zimafananizidwa ndi mtengo wa static pressure.Zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa kuti kuthamanga kwa static pakutuluka kwa capillary ndikocheperako polowera ku chubu.Zotsatira zoyesa zikuwonetsa kuti kukulitsa kutalika kwa capillary mpaka malire ena kumachepetsa kutsika kwapakati.Kuphatikiza apo, kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwapakati pakati pa cholowera ndi kutulutsa kwa capillary kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito a firiji.Zotsatira za CFD zomwe zapezedwa zikugwirizana bwino ndi zoyeserera zomwe zilipo.Zotsatira za mayesero zikuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 1 ndi 2. 13, 14, 15 ndi 16. Ma capillaries atatu a kutalika kosiyana anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli.Kutalika kwa chubu ndi 3.35m, 3.65m ndi 3.96m.Zinawonedwa kuti kutsika kwamphamvu kwapakati pakati pa cholowera cha capillary ndi kutulutsa kumawonjezeka pamene kutalika kwa chubu kunasinthidwa kukhala 3.35m.Komanso dziwani kuti kuthamanga kwa kutuluka kwa capillary kumawonjezeka ndi kukula kwa chitoliro cha 3.35 m.
Kuphatikiza apo, kutsika kwapakati pakati pa cholowera ndi kutulutsa kwa capillary kumachepa pomwe kukula kwa chitoliro kumawonjezeka kuchokera ku 3.35 mpaka 3.65 m.Zinkawoneka kuti kupanikizika pa kutuluka kwa capillary kunatsika kwambiri pamtunda.Pachifukwa ichi, kuchuluka kwake kumawonjezeka ndi kutalika kwa capillary.Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera kutalika kwa chitoliro kuchokera ku 3.65 mpaka 3.96 m kumachepetsanso kutsika kwapakati.Zawonedwa kuti pautali umenewu kutsika kwapansi kumatsika pansi pa mlingo woyenera kwambiri.Izi zimachepetsa COP ya firiji.Choncho, malupu a static pressure akuwonetsa kuti capillary ya 3.65 m imapereka ntchito yabwino kwambiri mufiriji.Kuonjezera apo, kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi kumawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Kuchokera pazotsatira zakuyesera, zitha kuwoneka kuti kuziziritsa kwa R152a refrigerant kumachepa ndi kukula kwa chitoliro.Koyilo yoyamba imakhala ndi mphamvu yozizirira kwambiri (-12°C) ndipo koyilo yachitatu imakhala ndi kuzizira kochepa kwambiri (-16°C).Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumatheka pa kutentha kwa evaporator kwa -12 ° C ndi capillary kutalika kwa 3.65 m.Mphamvu ya kompresa imachepa ndi kukula kwa capillary.Kuyika kwa mphamvu ya kompresa kumakhala kokwanira pa kutentha kwa evaporator kwa -12 °C ndi kuchepera pa -16 °C.Yerekezerani CFD ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kuwerengera kutalika kwa capillary.Zitha kuwoneka kuti mkhalidwe ndi wofanana m'zochitika zonsezi.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito amawonjezeka pamene kutalika kwa capillary kumawonjezeka kufika 3.65 m poyerekeza ndi 3.35 m ndi 3.96 m.Choncho, pamene kutalika kwa capillary kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwake, ntchito ya dongosolo imawonjezeka.
Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito CFD kumakampani opanga matenthedwe ndi magetsi kuwongolera kumvetsetsa kwathu kwamphamvu ndi fizikiki ya ntchito zowunikira matenthedwe, zoperewera zimafunikira kuti pakhale njira zachangu, zosavuta, komanso zotsika mtengo za CFD.Izi zitithandiza kukhathamiritsa ndi kupanga zida zomwe zilipo kale.Kupita patsogolo kwa mapulogalamu a CFD kudzalola kupanga ndi kukhathamiritsa, ndipo kupanga ma CFD pa intaneti kudzakulitsa kupezeka kwaukadaulo.Kupita patsogolo konseku kudzathandiza CFD kukhala gawo lokhwima komanso chida champhamvu chaukadaulo.Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito CFD mu engineering ya kutentha kudzakhala kokulirapo komanso mwachangu mtsogolo.
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