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Direct laser interference (DLIP) yophatikizidwa ndi laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) imalola kupanga malo ogwirira ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.Kupititsa patsogolo ndondomekoyi nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yapamwamba ya laser.Komabe, izi zimabweretsa kudzikundikira kwa kutentha, komwe kumakhudza roughness ndi mawonekedwe a zotsatira pamwamba chitsanzo.Choncho, m'pofunika kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mphamvu ya kutentha kwa gawo lapansi pa morphology ya zinthu zopangidwa.Pakafukufukuyu, chitsulo chachitsulo chinali chopangidwa ndi ps-DLIP pa 532 nm.Kuti mufufuze momwe kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kumagwirira ntchito, mbale yotenthetsera idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha.Kutentha kwa 250 \ ( ^ {\ circ } \) С kunapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwakuya kwa mapangidwe opangidwa kuchokera ku 2.33 mpaka 1.06 µm.Kuchepaku kunkagwirizana ndi maonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya LIPSS kutengera momwe mbewu zapansi panthaka zimayendera komanso ma oxidation opangidwa ndi laser.Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa gawo lapansi, komwe kumayembekezerekanso ngati chithandizo chapamwamba chikuchitidwa pamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri a laser kuti apange zotsatira zodzikundikira kutentha.
Njira zochiritsira zapamtunda zozikidwa pa ultrashort pulse laser rradiation zili patsogolo pa sayansi ndi mafakitale chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kukonza mawonekedwe apamwamba a zida zofunika kwambiri1.Makamaka, machitidwe opangidwa ndi laser opangidwa ndi laser ndi apamwamba kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale ndi zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito1,2,3.Mwachitsanzo, Vercillo et al.Anti-icing properties zasonyezedwa pa titaniyamu alloys kwa ntchito zamlengalenga zochokera laser-induced superhydrophobicity.Epperlein et al adanenanso kuti mawonekedwe a nanosized opangidwa ndi laser surface structuring amatha kukhudza kukula kwa biofilm kapena kulepheretsa zitsanzo zachitsulo5.Kuphatikiza apo, Guai et al.komanso bwino kuwala katundu wa organic dzuwa maselo.6 Chifukwa chake, mapangidwe a laser amalola kupanga zinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri pochotsa zinthu zakuthambo1.
Njira yoyenera yopangira laser yopangira zinthu zoterezi nthawi ndi nthawi ndi Direct laser interference shaping (DLIP).DLIP imachokera ku kusokoneza kwapafupi kwa matabwa awiri kapena kuposerapo kuti apange malo okhala ndi mawonekedwe a micrometer ndi nanometer.Kutengera kuchuluka ndi kusiyanitsa kwa matabwa a laser, DLIP imatha kupanga ndikupanga mitundu ingapo yapamtunda.Njira yodalirika ndiyo kuphatikiza mapangidwe a DLIP ndi laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) kuti apange mawonekedwe apamwamba ndi zovuta zowonongeka zowonongeka8,9,10,11,12.M'chilengedwe, magulu awa awonetsedwa kuti akupereka magwiridwe antchito abwinoko kuposa zitsanzo za sikelo imodzi13.
Ntchito ya LIPSS imayang'aniridwa ndi njira yodzikulitsa yokha (mayankho abwino) kutengera kusinthika kwapafupipafupi kwa kugawa kwamphamvu kwa radiation.Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa nanoroughness pamene chiwerengero cha laser pulses chogwiritsidwa ntchito chikuwonjezeka 14, 15, 16. Kusinthasintha kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa mafunde opangidwa ndi magetsi a magetsi15,17,18,19,20,21 a refracted and zobalalika mafunde zigawo kapena plasmons pamwamba.Mapangidwe a LIPSS amakhudzidwanso ndi nthawi ya pulses22,23.Makamaka, mphamvu zapamwamba za laser ndizofunika kwambiri pamankhwala apamwamba kwambiri.Izi nthawi zambiri zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito kubwereza kwapamwamba, mwachitsanzo mu MHz.Chifukwa chake, mtunda wa nthawi pakati pa ma laser pulses ndi wamfupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutentha kwa kutentha 23, 24, 25, 26. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa pamwamba, komwe kungakhudze kwambiri makina opangira ma laser ablation.
Mu ntchito yapitayi, Rudenko et al.ndi Tzibidis et al.Njira yopangira mapangidwe a convective ikukambidwa, yomwe iyenera kukhala yofunika kwambiri pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka19,27.Kuphatikiza apo, Bauer et al.Gwirizanitsani kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumachulukana ndi ma micron pamwamba.Ngakhale kuti kamangidwe kameneka kamakhala kochititsidwa ndi kutenthaku, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zokololazo zitha kupitilizidwa pongowonjezera kuchuluka kwa kubwereza28.Ngakhale izi, sizingatheke popanda kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusungirako kutentha.Chifukwa chake, njira zamachitidwe zomwe zimapereka ma topology ambiri sizingakhale zosunthika kumitengo yobwerezabwereza popanda kusintha njira ya kinetics ndi mapangidwe apangidwe9,12.Pachifukwa ichi, ndizofunikira kwambiri kufufuza momwe kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kumakhudzira ndondomeko ya mapangidwe a DLIP, makamaka popanga mapangidwe apamwamba chifukwa cha mapangidwe amodzi a LIPSS.
Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuwunika momwe kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kumayambira pamtunda wa DLIP wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pogwiritsa ntchito ma ps pulses.Panthawi yokonza laser, kutentha kwa gawo lapansi lachitsanzo kunabweretsedwa ku 250 \ (^\ circ \) C pogwiritsa ntchito mbale yotentha.Zomwe zimapangidwira pamwambazi zidadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscopy osakanikirana, kusanthula ma electron microscopy, ndi ma X-ray akuwonetsa mphamvu.
Pazoyeserera zoyamba, gawo lachitsulo lachitsulo lidakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe a DLIP awiri okhala ndi nthawi ya 4.5 µm ndi kutentha kwa gawo la \ (T_{\mathrm {s}}\) 21 \(^{\ circ). }\)C, yomwe imatchedwanso "osatentha" pamwamba.Pachifukwa ichi, kugunda kwapakati \ (o_{\ mathrm {p}}\) ndi mtunda pakati pa ma pulse awiri monga ntchito ya kukula kwa malo.Zimasiyana kuchokera ku 99.0% (100 pulses pa malo) mpaka 99.67% (300 pulses pa malo).Nthawi zonse, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu \(\ Phi _\mathrm {p}\) = 0.5 J/cm\(^2\) (kwa Gaussian yofanana popanda kusokoneza) ndi kubwerezabwereza f = 200 kHz kunagwiritsidwa ntchito.Chitsogozo cha polarization cha mtengo wa laser chimafanana ndi kayendetsedwe ka tebulo loyikirapo (mkuyu 1a)), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi njira ya geometry yozungulira yomwe imapangidwa ndi ndondomeko yosokoneza matabwa awiri.Zithunzi zoyimira zazinthu zomwe zapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina owonera ma electron microscope (SEM) zikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi.1a-c.Pofuna kuthandizira kuwunika kwa zithunzi za SEM potengera mawonekedwe a malo, zosintha za Fourier (FFTs, zowonetsedwa m'malo amdima) zidachitidwa pazolinga zomwe zikuwunikidwa.Nthawi zonse, geometry ya DLIP idawoneka ndi nthawi ya 4.5 µm.
Kwa mlandu \(o_{\mathrm {p}}\) = 99.0% m'dera lakuda la mkuyu.1a, lolingana ndi malo a kusokoneza pazipita, munthu akhoza kuona grooves munali zing'onozing'ono kufanana nyumba.Amasinthasintha ndi magulu owala omwe amakutidwa ndi nanoparticle-ngati topography.Chifukwa mawonekedwe ofanana pakati pa ma grooves akuwoneka kuti ndi ofanana ndi polarization ya mtengo wa laser ndipo ali ndi nthawi ya \(\Lambda _{\mathrm {LSFL-I}}\) 418\(\pm 65\) nm, pang'ono. zosakwana kutalika kwa mafunde a laser \(\lambda\) (532 nm) angatchedwe LIPSS ndi otsika malo pafupipafupi (LSFL-I)15,18.LSFL-I imapanga chizindikiro chotchedwa s-type mu FFT, "s" scattering15,20.Choncho, chizindikirocho ndi perpendicular kwa chinthu cholimba chapakati chokhazikika, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi dongosolo la DLIP (\(\Lambda _{\mathrm {DLIP}}}\) \(\ approx\) 4.5 µm).Chizindikiro chopangidwa ndi mzere wa mzere wa DLIP mu chithunzi cha FFT chimatchedwa "DLIP-mtundu".
Zithunzi za SEM zamapangidwe apamwamba opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito DLIP.Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu ndi \(\ Phi _\mathrm {p}\) = 0.5 J/cm\(^2\) (kwa Gaussian yopanda phokoso) ndi kubwereza f = 200 kHz.Zithunzizi zikuwonetsa kutentha kwachitsanzo, polarization ndi pamwamba.Kusuntha kwa gawo lokhazikika kumayikidwa ndi muvi wakuda mu (a).Choyikapo chakuda chikuwonetsa FFT yofananira yomwe idapezedwa kuchokera ku 37.25\(\times\)37.25 µm SEM chithunzi (chowonetsedwa mpaka wavevector kukhala \(\vec {k}\cdot (2\pi )^ {-1}\) = 200 nm).Magawo a ndondomeko akuwonetsedwa pachithunzi chilichonse.
Kuyang'ana mopitilira mu Chithunzi 1, mutha kuwona kuti \ (o_{\ mathrm {p}}\) ikuwonjezeka, sigmoid sigmoid imakhazikika kwambiri ku x-axis ya FFT.Zina zonse za LSFL-I zimakonda kufanana.Kuonjezera apo, mphamvu yamtundu wa chizindikiro cha s inachepa ndipo mphamvu ya chizindikiro cha DLIP inakula.Izi ndichifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwamachubu omwe amalumikizana kwambiri.Komanso, chizindikiro cha x-axis pakati pa mtundu s ndi pakati chiyenera kubwera kuchokera kumalo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi LSFL-I koma ndi nthawi yayitali (\(\Lambda _\mathrm {b}\) \(\approx \) 1.4 ± 0.2 µm) monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1c).Choncho, amaganiziridwa kuti mapangidwe awo ndi chitsanzo cha maenje pakati pa ngalande.Mbali yatsopanoyi ikuwonekeranso pamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri (wavenumber yayikulu) ya ordinate.Chizindikirocho chimachokera ku ma ripples omwe ali m'mphepete mwa ngalandeyo, makamaka chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa zochitika ndi kuwala kowonekera kutsogolo pamapiri9,14.Zotsatirazi, ma ripples awa akufotokozedwa ndi LSFL \ (_ \ mathrm {edge} \), ndi zizindikiro zawo - ndi mtundu -s \ (_ {\ mathrm {p)) \).
Mu kuyesa kotsatira, kutentha kwa chitsanzo kunabweretsedwa ku 250 ° C pansi pa zomwe zimatchedwa "kutentha" pamwamba.Kukonzekera kunkachitika motsatira ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito monga zoyesera zomwe zatchulidwa m'gawo lapitalo (Mkuyu 1a-1c).Zithunzi za SEM zikuwonetsa momwe zinthu ziliri monga momwe zasonyezedwera mkuyu 1d-f.Kutenthetsa chitsanzo ku 250 C kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa maonekedwe a LSFL, komwe kumayenderana ndi laser polarization.Zomangamangazi zimatha kudziwika ngati LSFL-II ndipo zimakhala ndi nthawi ya malo \(\Lambda _\mathrm {LSFL-II}\) ya 247 ± 35 nm.Chizindikiro cha LSFL-II sichiwonetsedwa mu FFT chifukwa cha ma frequency apamwamba.Pamene \ (o_{\ mathrm {p}}\) adawonjezeka kuchokera ku 99.0 kufika ku 99.67 \ (\%\) (Mkuyu 1d-e), m'lifupi mwa dera lowala la gulu lowala, lomwe linayambitsa kuwonekera kwa chizindikiro cha DLIP. kuposa ma frequency apamwamba.mafunde (mafunde otsika) ndipo motero amasunthira kukatikati mwa FFT.Mizere ya maenje mu Mkuyu 1d ikhoza kukhala zoyambira za zomwe zimatchedwa grooves zopangidwa perpendicular kwa LSFL-I22,27.Kuphatikiza apo, LSFL-II ikuwoneka kuti yafupika komanso yosawoneka bwino.Onaninso kuti kukula kwapakati kwa magulu owala okhala ndi nanograin morphology ndi yaying'ono pankhaniyi.Komanso, kukula kugawa izi nanoparticles kunakhala zochepa omwazika (kapena anatsogolera zochepa tinthu agglomeration) kuposa popanda Kutentha.Moyenerera, izi zitha kuyesedwa pofanizira ziwerengero 1a, d kapena b, e, motsatana.
Pamene kuphatikizika \(o_{\mathrm {p}}\) kunachulukirachulukira mpaka 99.67% (mkuyu 1f), mawonekedwe apadera adawonekera pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha mizere yowonekera.Komabe, ma grooves awa amawoneka osakhazikika komanso osazama kwambiri ngati momwe ziliri mkuyu 1c.Kusiyana kochepa pakati pa kuwala ndi malo amdima a chithunzi kumawonekera mwabwino.Zotsatira izi zimathandizidwanso ndi chizindikiro chofooka komanso chobalalika cha FFT cholumikizira mu Chithunzi 1f poyerekeza ndi FFT pa c.Ma striae ang'onoang'ono adawonekeranso pakuwotcha poyerekeza Zithunzi 1b ndi e, zomwe pambuyo pake zidatsimikiziridwa ndi ma microscopy a confocal.
Kuphatikiza pa kuyesa koyambirira, polarization ya mtengo wa laser idazunguliridwa ndi 90 \ (^{\ circ}\), zomwe zidapangitsa kuti polarization isunthike kupita ku nsanja yoyikira.Pa mkuyu.2a-c ikuwonetsa magawo oyambilira a mapangidwe, \(o_{\mathrm {p}}\) = 99.0% mu unheated (a), kutentha (b) ndi kutentha 90\(^{\ circ}\ ) - Mlandu ndi polarization yozungulira (c).Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a nanotopography a zomangamanga, madera omwe amalembedwa ndi mabwalo amitundu akuwonetsedwa muzithunzi.2d, pamlingo wokulirapo.
Zithunzi za SEM zamapangidwe apamwamba opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito DLIP.The ndondomeko magawo ndi chimodzimodzi Fig.1.Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kutentha kwachitsanzo \(T_s\), polarization ndi pulse overlap \(o_\mathrm {p}\).Choyikapo chakuda chikuwonetsanso kusintha kofananira kwa Fourier.Zithunzi zomwe zili mu (d)-(i) ndi kukulitsa kwa madera olembedwa mu (a)-(c).
Pachifukwa ichi, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti mapangidwe omwe ali m'madera amdima a Fig. 2b, c ndi polarization sensitive ndipo motero amalembedwa kuti LSFL-II14, 20, 29, 30. Mwachidziwitso, kuyang'ana kwa LSFL-I kumazunguliranso ( Chithunzi 2g, i), chomwe chikhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera kumayendedwe a chizindikiro cha s mu FFT yofanana.Kuthamanga kwa nthawi ya LSFL-I kumawoneka kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi nthawi ya b, ndipo mndandanda wake umasinthidwa kupita ku nthawi zing'onozing'ono mu Fig. 2c, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi chizindikiro chofalikira cha s.Choncho, nthawi yotsatira ya LSFL imatha kuwonedwa pazitsanzo pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana: \(\Lambda _{\mathrm {LSFL-I}}}\) = 418\(\pm 65\) nm pa 21 ^{\circ }\ )C (Mkuyu 2a), \(\Lambda _{\mathrm {LSFL-I}}\) = 445\(~\pm\) 67 nm ndi \(\Lambda _{\mathrm {LSFL-II) }} \) = 247 ± 35 nm pa 250 ° C (mkuyu 2b) kwa s polarization.M'malo mwake, nyengo ya p-polarization ndi 250 \(^{\circ }\)C ndi yofanana \(\Lambda _{\mathrm {LSFL-I))\)\) = 390\(\pm 55\ ) nm ndi \(\ Lambda_{\mathrm{LSFL-II}}\) = 265±35 nm (Mkuyu 2c).
Zowoneka bwino, zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti pongowonjezera kutentha kwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a pamwamba amatha kusinthana pakati pa zinthu ziwiri monyanyira, kuphatikiza (i) malo okhala ndi zinthu za LSFL-I zokha ndi (ii) malo okhala ndi LSFL-II.Chifukwa mapangidwe amtundu uwu wa LIPSS pazitsulo zachitsulo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zigawo za oxide pamwamba, mphamvu dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) inachitidwa.Gulu 1 likufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa.Kutsimikiza kulikonse kumachitika ndi pafupifupi mawonedwe osachepera anayi m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lachitsanzo chokonzedwa.Miyezo imachitika pazitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za kutentha \(T_\mathrm{s}\) ndi malo osiyanasiyana agawo lachitsanzo lomwe lili ndi madera osakhazikika kapena osakhazikika.Miyezoyo ilinso ndi chidziwitso chokhudza zigawo zozama za unoxidized zomwe zimakhala pansi pa malo osungunuka osungunuka, koma mkati mwa kuya kwa electron kusanthula kwa EDX.Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti EDX ili ndi malire pakutha kuwerengera mpweya wa okosijeni, chifukwa chake mfundo izi apa zitha kupereka kuwunika koyenera.
Zigawo zosasamalidwa za zitsanzozo sizinawonetse kuchuluka kwa okosijeni pamatenthedwe onse ogwira ntchito.Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha laser, milingo ya okosijeni idakwera muzochitika zonse31.Kusiyanitsa kwapang'onopang'ono pakati pa zitsanzo ziwiri zomwe sizinatengedwe zinali monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa pazitsulo zachitsulo zamalonda, ndipo mitengo ya carbon yapamwamba kwambiri inapezeka poyerekeza ndi pepala la opanga la AISI 304 zitsulo chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa hydrocarbon32.
Musanakambirane zifukwa zomwe zingatheke kuchepetsa kuya kwa groove ablation ndi kusintha kuchokera ku LSFL-I kupita ku LSFL-II, mphamvu ya spectral density (PSD) ndi kutalika kwa mbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
(i) The quasi-two-dimensional normalized power spectral density (Q2D-PSD) ya pamwamba ikuwonetsedwa ngati zithunzi za SEM mu Zithunzi 1 ndi 2. 1 ndi 2. Popeza PSD imakhala yokhazikika, kuchepa kwa chizindikiro cha ndalama kuyenera kukhala kumveka ngati kuwonjezeka kwa gawo lokhazikika (k \(\le\) 0.7 µm\(^{-1}\), osawonetsedwa), mwachitsanzo, kusalala.(ii) Zofananira za kutalika kwa pamwamba.Kutentha kwachitsanzo \(T_s\), kuphatikizika \(o_{\mathrm {p}}\), ndi laser polarization E yokhudzana ndi \(\vec {v}\) ya kayendedwe ka nsanja ikuwonetsedwa m'magawo onse.
Kuti muwonetsetse kutengera kwa zithunzi za SEM, mphamvu yamagetsi yokhazikika idapangidwa kuchokera ku zithunzi zosachepera zitatu za SEM pagawo lililonse lokhazikitsidwa ndi ma avareji onse a mbali imodzi (1D) mphamvu zowoneka bwino (PSDs) munjira ya x kapena y.Chithunzi chofananira chikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.
Pa mkuyu.3ia, c, e, nsonga ya DLIP imakulira pafupi \(k_{\mathrm {DLIP}}~=~2\pi\) (4.5 µm)\(^{-1}\) = 1.4 µm \ ( ^{- 1}\) kapena ma harmonics ofananirako pamene kuphatikizika kumawonjezeka \(o_{\mathrm {p))\).Kuwonjezeka kwa matalikidwe ofunikira kudalumikizidwa ndi chitukuko champhamvu cha kapangidwe ka LRIB.Kukula kwa ma harmonics apamwamba kumawonjezeka ndi kutsetsereka kwa malo otsetsereka.Pazigawo zamakona anayi ngati milandu yochepetsera, kuyandikira kumafuna kuchuluka kwa ma frequency.Chifukwa chake, nsonga yozungulira 1.4 µm\(^{-1}\) mu PSD ndi ma harmonics ofanana angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati magawo amtundu wa mawonekedwe a poyambira.
M'malo mwake, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. 3 (i) b, d,f, PSD ya chitsanzo chotenthedwa imasonyeza nsonga zofooka ndi zazikulu zomwe zimakhala ndi chizindikiro chochepa muzogwirizana.Komanso, mu mkuyu.3 (i) f ikuwonetsa kuti chizindikiro chachiwiri cha harmonic chimaposa chizindikiro chofunikira.Izi zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osadziwika bwino komanso ocheperako a DLIP a chitsanzo chotenthedwa (poyerekeza ndi \(T_s\) = 21\(^\circ\)C).Chinthu china ndi chakuti pamene kuphatikizika \ (o_{\ mathrm {p}}\) kumawonjezeka, chizindikiro cha LSFL-I chotsatira chimasunthira ku nambala yaying'ono (nthawi yayitali).Izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kuwonjezereka kowonjezereka kwa m'mphepete mwa njira ya DLIP komanso kuwonjezeka kwapafupi komweko komwe kumayenderana ndi zochitika14,33.Kutsatira izi, kukulitsidwa kwa chizindikiro cha LSFL-I kungafotokozedwenso.Kuphatikiza pa mapiri otsetsereka, palinso malo athyathyathya pansi ndi pamwamba pa ma crests a dongosolo la DLIP, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi zambiri za LSFL-I.Pazinthu zoyamwa kwambiri, nthawi ya LSFL-I nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa ngati:
kumene \(\theta\) ndi ngodya ya zochitika, ndipo zolembedwa s ndi p zimatanthauza polarizations zosiyanasiyana33.
Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ndege yowonongeka kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa DLIP nthawi zambiri imakhala yogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka malo opangira malo, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4 (onani gawo la Zida ndi Njira).Choncho, s-polarization, monga lamulo, ikufanana ndi kayendedwe ka siteji, ndipo p-polarization ndi perpendicular kwa izo.Malinga ndi equation.(1), chifukwa cha s-polarization, kufalikira ndi kusintha kwa chizindikiro cha LSFL-I kupita ku mafunde ang'onoang'ono akuyembekezeredwa.Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa \(\theta\) ndi mtundu wa angular \(\theta \pm \delta \theta\) pamene kuya kwa ngalande kumawonjezeka.Izi zikhoza kuwonedwa poyerekezera nsonga za LSFL-I mu Mkuyu 3ia, c,e.
Malinga ndi zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.1c, LSFL\(_\mathrm {edge}\) ikuwonekeranso mu PSD yofananira mkuyu.3 ndi.Pa mkuyu.3ig,h ikuwonetsa PSD ya p-polarization.Kusiyana kwa nsonga za DLIP kumawonekera kwambiri pakati pa zitsanzo zotenthedwa ndi zosatenthedwa.Pachifukwa ichi, chizindikiro chochokera ku LSFL-I chimadutsana ndi ma harmonics apamwamba a nsonga ya DLIP, ndikuwonjezera chizindikiro pafupi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwake.
Kuti tikambirane zotsatira mwatsatanetsatane, mu Mkuyu 3ii amasonyeza structural kuya ndi alipo pakati pulses wa DLIP liniya kutalika kugawa pa kutentha zosiyanasiyana.Utali woyima wapamtunda udapezedwa ndi ma profayilo khumi omwe ali ndi kutalika kozungulira pakati pa kapangidwe ka DLIP.Pa kutentha kulikonse komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuya kwa kapangidwe kake kumawonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka kwa pulse.Mbiri yachitsanzo chotenthedwa ikuwonetsa ma grooves okhala ndi nsonga-mpaka-pamtunda (pvp) wa 0.87 µm pa s-polarization ndi 1.06 µm pa p-polarization.Mosiyana ndi izi, s-polarization ndi p-polarization ya zitsanzo zosatenthedwa zimawonetsa pvp ya 1.75 µm ndi 2.33 µm, motsatana.Pvp yofananira ikuwonetsedwa mumtali wambiri mumkuyu.3 ii.Avereji iliyonse ya PvP imawerengedwa ndi ma PvP asanu ndi atatu.
Komanso, mu mkuyu.3iig, h ikuwonetsa kutalika kwa p-polarization kugawa molingana ndi kachitidwe koyikira ndi kusuntha kwa groove.Mayendedwe a p-polarization amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakuzama kwa poyambira chifukwa kumapangitsa kuti pvp ikhale yokwera pang'ono pa 2.33 µm poyerekeza ndi s-polarization pa 1.75 µm pvp.Izi nazonso zimagwirizana ndi grooves ndi kayendedwe ka dongosolo la nsanja.Zotsatirazi zikhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi kamangidwe kakang'ono pa nkhani ya s-polarization poyerekeza ndi p-polarization (onani Mkuyu 2f, h), yomwe idzakambidwenso mu gawo lotsatira.
Cholinga cha zokambirana ndi kufotokozera kuchepa kwa kuya kwa groove chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kalasi yaikulu ya LIPS (LSFL-I ku LSFL-II) pa zitsanzo zotentha.Choncho yankhani mafunso otsatirawa:
Kuti tiyankhe funso loyamba, m'pofunika kuganizira njira zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepetsa kuchotseratu ndalama.Pa kugunda kumodzi pazochitika zabwinobwino, kuya kwa ablation kumatha kufotokozedwa motere:
kumene \(\ delta _{\mathrm {E}}\) ndi kuya kwa mphamvu, \(\Phi\) ndi \(\Phi _{\mathrm {th}}\)) ndi mphamvu ya mayamwidwe ndi mphamvu ya Ablation pachimake, motero34.
Mwamasamu, kuya kwa mphamvu kulowa mkati kumakhala ndi zotsatira zochulukira pakuzama kwa ablation, pomwe kusintha kwa mphamvu kumakhala ndi zotsatira za logarithmic.Chifukwa chake kusintha kosavuta sikukhudza \(\Delta z\) bola ngati \(\Phi ~\gg ~\Phi _{\mathrm {th}}\).Komabe, okosijeni amphamvu (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha mapangidwe a chromium oxide) amatsogolera ku zomangira zamphamvu za Cr-O35 poyerekeza ndi zomangira za Cr-Cr, potero zimakulitsa malire.Chifukwa chake, \(\Phi ~\gg ~\Phi _{\mathrm {th}}\) simakhutitsidwanso, zomwe zimabweretsa kutsika kofulumira kwakuya kwakuya ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu yamagetsi.Kuonjezera apo, mgwirizano pakati pa dziko la okosijeni ndi nthawi ya LSFL-II imadziwika, yomwe ingafotokozedwe ndi kusintha kwa nanostructure yokha ndi mawonekedwe a kuwala kwapamwamba chifukwa cha okosijeni pamwamba30,35.Choncho, kugawa kwenikweni kwapamwamba kwa kuyamwa kwabwino \ (\ Phi\) ndi chifukwa cha zovuta zowonongeka za kuyanjana pakati pa nthawi yomanga ndi makulidwe a oxide wosanjikiza.Malingana ndi nthawiyi, nanostructure imakhudza kwambiri kugawidwa kwa mphamvu zowonongeka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwakukulu m'munda, kutengeka kwa plasmons pamwamba, kusamutsidwa kwapadera kapena kufalitsa17,19,20,21.Chifukwa chake, \(\Phi\) imakhala yosakanikirana kwambiri pafupi ndi pamwamba, ndipo \(\delta _ {E}\) mwina sikuthekanso ndi gawo limodzi la mayamwidwe \(\ alpha = \delta _{\mathrm {opt} }} ^ { -1} \ pafupifupi \ delta _{\ mathrm {E}} ^{-1}\) pa voliyumu yonse yapafupi.Popeza makulidwe a filimu ya okusayidi makamaka zimadalira nthawi yolimba [26], zotsatira za nomenclature zimadalira kutentha kwachitsanzo.Ma micrographs owoneka bwino omwe akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi S1 mu Supplementary Material akuwonetsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a kuwala.
Zotsatira izi zimafotokozera kuzama kwa ngalandeyo ngati timizere tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono pazithunzi 1d,e ndi 2b,c ndi 3(ii)b,d,f.
LSFL-II imadziwika kuti imapanga pa semiconductors, dielectrics, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi oxidation14,29,30,36,37.Pomaliza, makulidwe a pamwamba oxide wosanjikiza ndi kofunika kwambiri30.Kusanthula kwa EDX komwe kunachitika kunawonetsa mapangidwe a oxides pamtunda wokhazikika.Chifukwa chake, kwa zitsanzo zosatenthedwa, mpweya wozungulira umawoneka kuti umathandizira kupanga pang'onopang'ono kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya komanso kupanga ma oxides padziko lapansi.Zochitika zonsezi zimathandiza kwambiri pa ntchitoyi.M'malo mwake, zitsanzo mkangano, zitsulo oxides zosiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni limati (SiO\(_{\ mathrm {2}}\), Cr\(_{\mathrm {n}} \) O\(_{\ mathrm { m}}\ ), Fe\(_{\mathrm {n}\)O\(_{\mathrm {m}}\), NiO, etc.) ndi zomveka 38 mokomera.Kuwonjezera pa oxide wosanjikiza chofunika, kukhalapo kwa subwavelength roughness, makamaka mkulu okhudza malo pafupipafupi LIPSS (HSFL), n'kofunika kupanga chofunika subwavelength (d-mtundu) mphamvu modes14,30.Chomaliza cha LSFL-II intensity mode ndi ntchito ya HSFL matalikidwe ndi makulidwe a okusayidi.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awa ndi kusokoneza kwakutali kwa kuwala komwe kunabalalika ndi HSFL ndi kuwala komwe kumatulutsidwa muzinthu ndikufalitsa mkati mwa dielectric material20,29,30.Zithunzi za SEM za m'mphepete mwa mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa Chithunzi S2 mu gawo la Supplementary Materials zimasonyeza HSFL yomwe inalipo kale.Dera lakunja ili limakhudzidwa mofooka ndi periphery of intensity distribution, yomwe imalola kupanga HSFL.Chifukwa cha symmetry ya kugawa mwamphamvu, izi zimachitikanso motsatira njira yojambulira.
Kutentha kwachitsanzo kumakhudza njira yopangira LSFL-II m'njira zingapo.Kumbali imodzi, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwachitsanzo \(T_\mathrm{s}\) kumakhudza kwambiri mlingo wa kulimba ndi kuzizira kuposa makulidwe a chitsulo chosungunuka26.Choncho, mawonekedwe amadzimadzi a chitsanzo chotenthedwa amawonekera ku oxygen yozungulira kwa nthawi yaitali.Komanso, kuchedwa kulimba kumathandiza chitukuko cha zovuta convective njira kuonjezera kusanganikirana kwa mpweya ndi oxides ndi madzi steel26.Izi zitha kuwonetsedwa poyerekeza makulidwe a oxide wosanjikiza wopangidwa ndi kufalikira kokha (\(\Lambda _\mathrm {diff}=\sqrt{D~\times ~t_\mathrm {s}}~\le ~15\) nm) Nthawi yolumikizana ndi \(t_\mathrm {s}~\le ~200\) ns, ndi diffusion coefficient \(D~\le\) 10\(^{-5}\) cm\(^ 2 \ )/ s) Kukula kwakukulu kunawonedwa kapena kufunidwa mu LSFL-II mapangidwe30.Kumbali ina, kutentha kumakhudzanso mapangidwe a HSFL ndipo motero zinthu zobalalitsa zomwe zimafunika kuti zisinthe mu LSFL-II d-type intensity mode.Kuwonekera kwa ma nanovoid omwe amatsekeredwa pansi pamadzi akuwonetsa kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga HSFL39.Zolakwika izi zitha kuyimira ma elekitiromagineti a HSFL chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwanthawi ndi nthawi komwe kumafunikira14,17,19,29.Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yowonjezereka yamtunduwu imakhala yofanana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa nanovoids19.Choncho, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha HSFL chikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zolakwika za crystal monga \ (T_\mathrm{s}\) ikuwonjezeka.
Zakhala zikuwonetsedwa posachedwa kuti kuzizira kwa silicon ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la intrinsic interstitial supersaturation ndipo motero pakusonkhanitsa zolakwika za mfundo ndi mapangidwe a dislocations40,41.Mamolekyulu amphamvu zofananira zazitsulo zoyera zawonetsa kuti mipata imakwera kwambiri panthawi yokonzanso zinthu mwachangu, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa ntchito muzitsulo kumayendanso chimodzimodzi42,43,44.Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku waposachedwa wa siliva adayang'ana kwambiri momwe amapangira ma voids ndi masango chifukwa chosonkhanitsira zolakwika za mfundo45.Choncho, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa chitsanzo \(T_\mathrm {s}\) ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa kuzizira kungakhudze mapangidwe a voids, omwe ndi ma nuclei a HSFL.
Ngati malo ali otsogolera ofunikira kuti ma cavities apangidwe motero HSFL, kutentha kwachitsanzo \(T_s\) kuyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira ziwiri.Kumbali imodzi, \(T_s\) imakhudza kuchuluka kwa recrystallization ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa zolakwika (zopanda ntchito) mu kristalo wamkulu.Kumbali inayi, imakhudzanso kuzizira kozizira pambuyo pokhazikika, potero kumakhudza kufalikira kwa zolakwika za mfundo mu kristalo 40,41.Kuonjezera apo, mlingo wokhazikika umadalira crystallographic orientation ndipo motero ndi anisotropic kwambiri, monga momwe zimakhalira kufalikira kwa mfundo zolakwika42,43.Malinga ndi mfundo iyi, chifukwa cha kuyankha kwa anisotropic, kulumikizana kwa kuwala ndi zinthu kumakhala anisotropic, zomwe zimakulitsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwanthawi ndi nthawi.Kwa zipangizo za polycrystalline, khalidweli likhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi kukula kwa njere imodzi.M'malo mwake, mapangidwe a LIPSS awonetsedwa kutengera momwe mbewu zimayendera46,47.Choncho, zotsatira za kutentha kwachitsanzo \(T_s\) pa mlingo wa crystallization sizingakhale zamphamvu monga momwe zimakhalira ndi tirigu.Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a crystallographic a mbewu zosiyanasiyana amapereka kufotokozera komwe kungatheke pakuwonjezeka kwa voids ndi kuphatikiza kwa HSFL kapena LSFL-II, motsatana.
Pofuna kumveketsa zizindikiro zoyamba za lingaliro ili, zitsanzo zosaphika zinakhazikika kuti ziwonetsere mapangidwe a tirigu pafupi ndi pamwamba.Kufananiza mbewu mu mkuyu.S3 ikuwonetsedwa muzowonjezera.Kuphatikiza apo, LSFL-I ndi LSFL-II adawonekera m'magulu pazitsanzo zotentha.Kukula ndi geometry ya masangowa imagwirizana ndi kukula kwa mbewu.
Kuphatikiza apo, HSFL imangopezeka pamtunda wocheperako chifukwa choyambira19,29,48.Chifukwa chake, pazoyeserera, izi zitha kuchitika kokha pamphepete mwa mawonekedwe a mtengowo.Chifukwa chake, HSFL idapangidwa pamalo osakhala oxidized kapena oxidized oxidized, omwe adawonekera poyerekezera tizigawo ta okusayidi a zitsanzo zothandizidwa ndi zosasinthidwa (onani tebulo reftab: mwachitsanzo).Izi zimatsimikizira lingaliro loti oxide wosanjikiza makamaka amapangidwa ndi laser.
Popeza kuti mapangidwe a LIPSS nthawi zambiri amadalira kuchuluka kwa ma pulse chifukwa cha mayankho apakati pa pulse, ma HSFL amatha kusinthidwa ndi zida zazikulu pomwe kugundana kumawonjezeka19.HSFL yocheperako imapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe osakhazikika (d-mode) ofunikira kuti apange LSFL-II.Choncho, pamene kuphatikizika kwa \ (o_\ mathrm {p}\) kumawonjezeka (onani mkuyu 1 kuchokera ku de), kukhazikika kwa LSFL-II kumachepa.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza zotsatira za kutentha kwa gawo lapansi pamtunda wa morphology ya laser yopangidwa ndi DLIP yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Zapezeka kuti kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kuchokera ku 21 mpaka 250 ° C kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakuya kwa ablation kuchokera ku 1.75 mpaka 0.87 µm mu s-polarization ndi kuchokera ku 2.33 mpaka 1.06 µm mu p-polarization.Kutsika kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mtundu wa LIPSS kuchokera ku LSFL-I kupita ku LSFL-II, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi laser-induced surface oxide layer pa kutentha kwapamwamba kwachitsanzo.Kuonjezera apo, LSFL-II ikhoza kuonjezera kutuluka kwa pakhomo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa okosijeni.Zimaganiziridwa kuti muukadaulo uwu wokhala ndi kugunda kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu komanso kubwereza kwapakati, kuchitika kwa LSFL-II kumatsimikiziridwanso ndi kusintha kwa kusuntha kwamphamvu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwachitsanzo.Kuphatikizika kwa LSFL-II kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi chifukwa cha mapangidwe a nanovoid omwe amadalira mbewu, zomwe zimatsogolera ku HSFL ngati kalambulabwalo wa LSFL-II.Kuphatikiza apo, chikoka cha mayendedwe a polarization pa nthawi yokhazikika komanso bandwidth ya nthawi yokhazikika imawerengedwa.Zikuoneka kuti p-polarization ndiyothandiza kwambiri pa njira ya DLIP potengera kuzama kwa ablation.Ponseponse, kafukufukuyu akuvumbulutsa magawo azinthu kuti athe kuwongolera ndi kukhathamiritsa kuzama kwa DLIP ablation kuti apange mawonekedwe apamwamba.Potsirizira pake, kusintha kuchokera ku LSFL-I kupita ku LSFL-II kumayendetsedwa ndi kutentha kwathunthu ndipo kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kubwerezabwereza kumayembekezeredwa ndi kugunda kosalekeza chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha24.Zinthu zonsezi ndi zogwirizana ndi vuto lomwe likubwera lakukulitsa njira ya DLIP, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito makina opanga ma polygonal49.Kuti muchepetse kutentha, njira zotsatirazi zitha kutsatiridwa: sungani liwiro la sikani ya polygonal patali momwe mungathere, kugwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa mawanga a laser, orthogonal kupita komwe sikukayang'ana, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutulutsa koyenera.momveka bwino 28. Kuphatikiza apo, malingalirowa amalola kuti pakhale mawonekedwe ovuta a hierarchical topography for advanced performance functionalization pogwiritsa ntchito DLIP.
Pakafukufukuyu, mbale zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za electropolished (X5CrNi18-10, 1.4301, AISI 304) 0,8 mm wandiweyani.Kuchotsa zonyansa zilizonse pamwamba, zitsanzozo zinatsukidwa mosamala ndi ethanol musanayambe chithandizo cha laser (mtheradi wa ethanol \(\ge\) 99.9%).
Kukonzekera kwa DLIP kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Zitsanzo zinamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la DLIP lomwe lili ndi 12 ps ultrashort pulsed laser source ndi kutalika kwa 532 nm ndi kubwereza kwakukulu kwa 50 MHz.Kugawa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu yamtengowo ndi Gaussian.Ma Optics opangidwa mwapadera amapereka masinthidwe amitundu iwiri kuti apange mizere yofananira pachitsanzo.Magalasi okhala ndi kutalika kwa 100 mm amakweza matabwa awiri owonjezera a laser pamwamba pa ngodya yokhazikika ya 6.8\(^\circ\), yomwe imapereka nthawi ya malo pafupifupi 4.5 µm.Zambiri pazoyeserera zoyeserera zitha kupezeka kwina50.
Pamaso laser processing, chitsanzo anaika pa Kutentha mbale pa kutentha zina.Kutentha kwa mbale yotentha kumayikidwa pa 21 ndi 250 ° C.M'zoyesera zonse, jeti yodutsa mpweya woponderezedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chipangizo chotulutsa mpweya kuti chiteteze kutulutsa fumbi pa optics.Njira ya x, y imakhazikitsidwa kuti ikhazikitse chitsanzo panthawi yokonza.
Kuthamanga kwa siteji yoyikirako kunali kosiyana kuchokera ku 66 mpaka 200 mm / s kuti mupeze kuphatikizika pakati pa ma pulses a 99.0 mpaka 99.67 \ (\% \) motsatira.Nthawi zonse, kubwereza kubwereza kunakhazikitsidwa pa 200 kHz, ndipo mphamvu yapakati inali 4 W, yomwe inapereka mphamvu pamtundu wa 20 μJ.Kutalika kwa mtengo komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera DLIP ndi pafupifupi 100 µm, ndipo kachulukidwe ka laser kamakhala 0.5 J/cm\(^{2}\).Mphamvu zonse zomwe zimatulutsidwa pagawo lililonse ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kofanana ndi 50 J/cm\(^2\) kwa \(o_{\mathrm {p}}\) = 99.0 \(\%\), 100 J/cm \(^2\) ya \(o_{\mathrm {p))\)=99.5\(\%\) ndi 150 J/cm\(^2\) ya \(o_{ \mathrm {p}}\) ) = 99.67 \(\%\).Gwiritsani ntchito \(\lambda\)/2 mbale kusintha polarization ya laser mtengo.Pa seti iliyonse ya magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo la pafupifupi 35 × 5 mm\(^{2}\) limalembedwa pachitsanzocho.Zoyeserera zonse zokonzedwa zidachitika m'malo ozungulira kuti zitsimikizire kuti mafakitale akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Maonekedwe a zitsanzozo adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu yolumikizana ndi 50x magnification ndi 170 nm ndi 3 nm motsatana.Deta yosonkhanitsidwa ya topographic idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yowunikira pamwamba.Chotsani mbiri kuchokera ku data ya terrain molingana ndi ISO 1661051.
Zitsanzozi zinkadziwikanso pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ya electron pamagetsi othamanga a 6.0 kV.Kapangidwe kake kapamwamba ka zitsanzozo kanayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cha X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) pamagetsi othamanga a 15 kV.Kuphatikiza apo, maikulosikopu owoneka bwino okhala ndi cholinga cha 50x adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe mawonekedwe a granular morphology of the microstructure of the samples. Izi zisanachitike, zitsanzozo zinakhazikika pa kutentha kosalekeza kwa 50 \ (^\ circ \) C kwa mphindi zisanu muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri ndi hydrochloric acid ndi nitric acid ndende ya 15-20 \ (\%\) ndi 1 \ ( -<\)5 \(\%\), motsatana. Izi zisanachitike, zitsanzozo zinakhazikika pa kutentha kosalekeza kwa 50 \ (^\ circ \) C kwa mphindi zisanu muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri ndi hydrochloric acid ndi nitric acid ndende ya 15-20 \ (\%\) ndi 1 \ ( -<\)5 \(\%\), motsatana. 50 \(^\circ\) С в течение пяти минут в краске из нержавеюной температуре 50 \(^\circ\)С в течение пяти минут в краске из нержавеюной температуре в краске из нержавеюной температуре 15-20 \(\%\) ndi 1\( -<\)5 \( \%\) sinthani. Izi zisanachitike, zitsanzozo zinakhazikika pa kutentha kosalekeza kwa 50 \ (^\ circ \) C kwa mphindi zisanu mu utoto wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi hydrochloric ndi nitric acid ndi ndende ya 15-20 \ (\%\) ndi 1 \ ( -<\)5 \( \%\) motsatana.在此之前，樣品在不锈钢染色液中以50 \(^\circ\)C 的恒温蚀刻五分钟，盐酸和硝酸浓度為\15–20) <(15–20) \(15-20) \(15) (\%\), 分别.在此之前，樣品在不锈钢染色液中以50 \(^\circ\)C (\%\)，分别.Izi zisanachitike, zitsanzozo zinali kuzifutsa kwa mphindi zisanu pa kutentha kosalekeza kwa 50 \ ( ^ \ circ \ ) C mu njira yothetsera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi hydrochloric ndi nitric acid 15-20 \ (\%\) ndi 1. \.(-<\)5 \ (\%\) соответственно. (-<\)5 \ (\%\) motsatana.
Chithunzi chojambula choyesera cha khwekhwe la DLIP yamitundu iwiri, kuphatikiza (1) mtengo wa laser, (2) mbale ya \(\lambda\)/2, (3) mutu wa DLIP wokhala ndi kasinthidwe kake ka kuwala, (4) ) mbale yotentha, (5) cross-fluidic , (6) x,y masitepe oyika ndi (7) zitsanzo zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Miyendo iwiri yopangika pamwamba, yozungulira yofiira kumanzere, imapanga mizere yozungulira pazitsanzo pa \(2\theta\) ngodya (kuphatikiza onse s- ndi p-polarization).
Zolemba zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi/kapena zowunikidwa mu kafukufuku wapano zikupezeka kuchokera kwa olemba omwe afunsidwa pazofunikira.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-07-2023